english lesson

Achmad Alief Azizi (10216051)

1EA06

Group 2

A.   Direct and Indirect speech

Direct speech is a sentence that has spoken directly from the speaker. We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.

                        For example : they said, “were going to football stadium”.

Indirect speech is a sentence that has spoken indirectly from the speaker. We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.

            For example : They said that they were going to football stadium.

The structure :

            Direct speech : It will be seen that in Direct Speech.

o    The exact words of the speaker have been used.

o    The wordy quoted have been put within Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas.

o    The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital letter.

o    There is always a comma of a colon after 'said' that introduces the spoken words.

Indirect speech : In Indirect Speech, the speech that is reported is not put within inverted commas and does not begin with a capital letter. That has been placed before the Indirect Speech.

The Imperative Form direct and indirect speech :

•      A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.

            For example,

            • Open the door.

            • Please help me.

            • Learn your lesson.

•      To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word “ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” or “forbade” or “not to do” is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.

•      No conjunction is to be used.

•      Change the verb of the reported speech into an infinitive by placing before it the preposition to.

Example :

DIRECT	INDIRECT
He said, "Manzur, sit still."	He told Manzur to sit still.

B.   Rule of changing the tense ( simple past and past perfect)

SIMPLE PAST	PAST PERFECT
He said to me, “You answered correctly”	He said to me that I had answered correctly.
John said, “They went to cinema”	John said that they had gone to cinema.
He said, “I made a table”	He said that he had made a table.
She said, “I didn’t buy a car”	She said that she had not bought a car.

C.   Rule of changing tense (Future, Present Conditional & Future Continuous, Conditional Continuous)

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
WILL changes into WOULD

FUTURE	PRESENT CONDITIONAL
He said, “I will study the book”	He said that he would study the book.
She said, “I will buy a computer”	She said that she would buy a computer.
They said to me, “We will send you gifts”	They said to me that they would send me gifts.
I said, “I will not take the exam”	I said that I would not take the exam.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
WILL BE changes into WOULD BE

FUTURE CONTINUOUS	CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him”	I said to him that I would be waiting for him.
She said,” I will be shifting to new home”	She said that she would be shifting to a new home.
He said, “I will be working hard”	He said that he would be working hard.
He said, “He will not be flying kite”	He said that he would not be flying kites.

Personal Pronouns change according to :

SON formula

1^st person = Subject

2^nd person= Object

3^rd person= No change

•         If subject of the quoted words is in 1^st person then it will change according to the subject of the reported verb

             e.g. -   He said to me, “I like thai tea.”

                                  He told that he liked thai tea.

•         If subject of the quoted words is in 2^nd person then it will change according to the object of reporting verb

              e.g. - He said to me, “You look sad.”

                      He told that I looked sad.

•         If the subject of the quoted words is in 3^rd person then there will be no change.

             e.g. - He said to me, “She has already left.”

                                He told that she had already left.

D.   Change of Adverbs (In Adverbs of Time and Place)

This	That
Today	That day
These	Those
Now	Then
Here	There
Tomorrow	The following/ next day
Yesterday	The previous day/the day before
Tonight	That night

Change of Adverbs

Example : She said, “ We shifted to this house three weeks ago.”

She said that they had shifted to that house three weeks before.

E.   Exclamatory Sentence

In Exclamatory Sentences, reporting verb is changed into exclaimed with joy/sorrow/anger/surprise, etc. That is used.

Examples :

v   He said, “How beautiful a place!”

•       He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful place.

v   Rohan said, “Alas! His father died.”

•       Rohan exclaimed with sorrow that his father had died.